| Next revision | Previous revision |
| algae:bibliography [2026-09-13 07:51] – created robert | algae:bibliography [2026-09-13 08:42] (current) – [EU Strategic and Policy Documents — Algae] robert |
|---|
| ===== Acronyms and Abbreviations ===== | ===== Bibliography and Specialised Sources ===== |
| |
| This page lists all abbreviations and acronyms used in this wiki. EU institutional abbreviations appear first, followed by subject-matter groupings. When an abbreviation stands for a name in another language, the original language is given in parentheses. | This page lists all external references cited across the algae wiki, excluding links to EUR-Lex (which are tracked in [[algae:legal_sources|Referenced Legal Sources]]). Sources are grouped by topic. Files available locally in the wiki media library are noted with a local link. References cited in [[algae:cases_precedents|Regulatory Cases and Precedents]] appear in the relevant topic section. |
| | |
| | //Note on currency of local files:// The bibliography folder may contain older versions of documents that have since been updated. Always verify the current version at the source before relying on a document for compliance purposes. |
| |
| ---- | ---- |
| |
| ==== EU Institutions and Bodies ==== | ==== EU Strategic and Policy Documents — Algae ==== |
| |
| ^ Acronym ^ Full Name ^ Notes ^ | * European Commission, COM(2022) 592 final, //Towards a Strong and Sustainable EU Algae Sector//, 15 November 2022. [[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52022DC0592|EURlex]] | [[https://oceans-and-fisheries.ec.europa.eu/document/download/4d5a28c9-8720-45e7-84f0-b1d076d60a60_en?filename=COM-2022-592_en.pdf|PDF direct]] |
| | CAC | Codex Alimentarius Commission | UN/FAO/WHO body setting international food standards; referenced in GFL and contaminant regulation | | * European Commission, SWD(2022) 361 final, //Staff Working Document accompanying COM(2022) 592//, 15 November 2022. [[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52022XC0629(04)|EURlex]] | [[https://oceans-and-fisheries.ec.europa.eu/document/download/d2b345d5-9c66-4eca-aa43-6b135293bac8_en?filename=swd-2022-361_en.pdf|PDF direct]] | [[media:bibliography:SWD2022_towards a Strong and Sustainable EU Algae Sector.pdf|local copy]] |
| | CAP | Common Agricultural Policy | EU agricultural support and regulation framework; algae are generally excluded from direct CAP payments | | * European Economic and Social Committee, Opinion EESC-2022-04884-00-00-AC-TRA, //Towards a strong and sustainable EU algae sector//. [[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52022AE5904|EURlex]] |
| | CEN | European Committee for Standardization (//Comité Européen de Normalisation//) | Produces EN standards referenced in EU product legislation | | * EU4Algae project, //Algae Farmers Toolkit//. [[https://maritime-forum.ec.europa.eu/algae-farmers-toolkit_en|maritime-forum.ec.europa.eu]] |
| | CENELEC | European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization | Electrotechnical standards body; occasionally relevant for processing equipment | | * EU4Algae project, //Protocol to apply for a Novel Food Dossier// (2025). [[https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2926/9362958|data.europa.eu]] |
| | CFP | Common Fisheries Policy | EU framework for fisheries and aquaculture management | | * Araújo R, Vázquez Calderón F, Sánchez López J, Azevedo IC, Bruhn A, Fluch S, Garcia Tasende M, Ghaderiardakani F, Ilmjärv T, Laurans M, Mac Monagail M, Mangini S, Peteiro C, Rebours C, Stefansson T and Ullmann J (2021) Current Status of the Algae Production Industry in Europe: An Emerging Sector of the Blue Bioeconomy. Front. Mar. Sci. 7:626389. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2020.626389, JRC Technical Report EUR 30683 EN. [[https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/articles/10.3389/fmars.2020.626389/full|Frontiers]] {{ :algae:jrc_araujo-etal_2021_current_status_of_the_algae_production_industry_in_europe.pdf |local copy}} |
| | CJEU | Court of Justice of the European Union | Highest court of the EU; case law (C- and T-numbered cases) binding on all member states | | * EU4Algae, //Chemical and Microbiological Contaminants in Algae for Food//, workgroup report, 2024. [[https://maritime-forum.ec.europa.eu/document/download/2b1b0a8f-1bb6-4026-ae5d-5f4df0df06ea_en?filename=Chemical%20and%20microbiological%20Contaminants%20in%20Algae%20for%20Food_20240516_Sm_nd.pdf|PDF direct]] |
| | DG | Directorate-General | Major administrative division of the European Commission; see DG SANTE, DG MARE etc. | | * EU4Algae, //Consumer Labels pocket guide — new fish and aquaculture labels//. [[media:EU4algae:eu-new-fish-and-aquaculture-consumer-labels-pocket-guide_en.pdf|local copy]] |
| | DG AGRI | Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural Development | EC directorate overseeing CAP, organic farming regulation | | |
| | DG ENV | Directorate-General for Environment | EC directorate; responsible for waste law, water law, invasive species regulation | | |
| | DG GROW | Directorate-General for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs | EC directorate; responsible for CE marking, product safety, cosmetics, industrial products | | |
| | DG MARE | Directorate-General for Maritime Affairs and Fisheries | EC directorate overseeing CFP, EMFAF, aquaculture; lead on algae sector policy (COM(2022) 592) | | |
| | DG SANTE | Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety | EC directorate overseeing food law, novel food, food additives, contaminants, feed, pesticides | | |
| | EABA | European Algae Biomass Association | European trade body for the algae sector | | |
| | EASIN | European Alien Species Information Network | JRC database of alien species records in Europe; [[https://easin.jrc.ec.europa.eu|easin.jrc.ec.europa.eu]] | | |
| | ECHA | European Chemicals Agency | Helsinki-based agency implementing REACH, CLP, biocides legislation | | |
| | EC | European Commission | Executive branch of the EU; proposes legislation and issues implementing acts | | |
| | EESC | European Economic and Social Committee | EU consultative body representing civil society; opinions on algae sector policy | | |
| | EFSA | European Food Safety Authority | Parma-based EU risk assessment body for food and feed safety; advises EC/EP/Council | | |
| | EFTA | European Free Trade Association | Trade bloc including Norway, Iceland, Switzerland, Liechtenstein; EEA members apply much EU food law | | |
| | EMFAF | European Maritime, Fisheries and Aquaculture Fund | EU funding instrument 2021–2027 for fisheries, aquaculture (including algae), and maritime policy | | |
| | EMFF | European Maritime and Fisheries Fund | Predecessor to EMFAF (2014–2020 programming period) | | |
| | EP | European Parliament | Co-legislator with the Council; committee ENVI especially relevant for food/environment matters | | |
| | EUIPO | European Union Intellectual Property Office | Alicante-based agency registering EU trade marks and designs | | |
| | JRC | Joint Research Centre | EC's in-house science service; publishes technical reports on algae, invasive species, waste etc. | | |
| |
| ---- | ---- |
| |
| ==== Legal and Document References ==== | ==== EU Regulatory Guidance — Non-binding Documents ==== |
| |
| ^ Acronym ^ Full Name ^ Notes ^ | * European Commission, //The Blue Guide on the implementation of EU product rules// (2022 edition). CELEX 52022XC0629(04). Reference for CE marking, market surveillance, and product safety obligations. |
| | CELEX | //Communautés Européennes LEgislation indeX// (French) | Unique identifier for EU legal documents; format encodes sector, year, type, number, and (for consolidated acts) amendment date | | * European Commission, //Commission Staff Working Document SWD(2014) 66// — organic and non-organic algae status. [[https://www.parlament.gv.at/dokument/XXV/EU/18306/imfname_10451664.pdf|Austrian Parliament archive]] |
| | CLP | Classification, Labelling and Packaging (Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008) | Applies to substances and mixtures placed on the market, including algae-derived chemicals | | * Monard C. (2018), //Analysis of the definition of algae in EU legislation//, report for DG Energy, European Commission. [[media:bibliography:Monard_2018_Analysis of the definition of algae in EU legislation_EC-DG Energy.pdf|local copy]] |
| | COM | Commission document | Prefix for Commission communications, proposals, etc. (e.g. COM(2022) 592) | | * Overview of EC Food Legislation (2016). [[media:bibliography:Overview_EC_Food_Legislation_2016.pdf|local copy]] |
| | EEA | European Economic Area | Area comprising EU member states plus Norway, Iceland, Liechtenstein; EEA applies most EU single-market legislation | | |
| | EN | European Norm / English version | CEN standard, or language suffix in EUR-Lex document references | | |
| | GFL | General Food Law (Regulation (EC) No 178/2002) | Foundation of EU food law; establishes food safety principles, EFSA, RASFF | | |
| | OJ | Official Journal of the European Union | Official publication of EU legislation; cited as OJ L (legislation) or OJ C (communications) | | |
| | REACH | Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006) | Applies to chemical substances, including certain algae-derived substances above 1 tonne/year | | |
| | SWD | Staff Working Document | Internal EC analysis accompanying Commission proposals or communications | | |
| | TXT | Text | Suffix in EUR-Lex URLs denoting the full-text view of a document | | |
| | WFD | Waste Framework Directive (Directive 2008/98/EC) | Core waste law; waste definition, by-product criteria, end-of-waste criteria | | |
| |
| ---- | ---- |
| |
| ==== Food Law and Novel Food ==== | ==== EFSA — Scientific Opinions and Resources ==== |
| |
| ^ Acronym ^ Full Name ^ Notes ^ | All EFSA publications are accessible via [[https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/18314732|EFSA Journal]] and [[https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/supporting/pub|efsa.europa.eu]]. |
| | ADI | Acceptable Daily Intake | Toxicological reference value: amount of a substance that can be consumed daily over a lifetime without appreciable health risk | | |
| | ANS | Food Additives and Nutrient Sources Added to Food (EFSA scientific panel) | EFSA panel responsible for opinions on food additives, flavourings, nutrient sources | | * EFSA NDA Panel (2016), //Guidance for the preparation of applications for authorisation of novel foods// (updated periodically — consult latest version for dossier preparation). [[https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/supporting/pub/en-6488|EFSA]] |
| | ASP | Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning | Illness caused by domoic acid (produced by diatoms, e.g. //Pseudo-nitzschia//); relevant for wild-harvested algae safety | | * EFSA CONTAM Panel (2012), //Scientific opinion on the risks for public health related to the presence of cyanotoxins in food//. EFSA Journal 2012; 10(8):2819. [[https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2815|doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2815]] |
| | BMDL | Benchmark Dose Lower Confidence Limit | Toxicological modelling point of departure used in EFSA risk assessments | | * EFSA CONTAM Panel (2020), //Opinion on the risks for animal and public health related to the presence of cyanotoxins in plant food supplements//. EFSA Journal 2020; 18(2):5993. [[https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2020.5993|doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2020.5993]] |
| | CONTAM | Contaminants in the Food Chain (EFSA scientific panel) | Issues opinions on heavy metals, mycotoxins, dioxins, PCBs, cyanotoxins in food and feed | | * EFSA NDA Panel (2009), //Scientific opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to various foods/food constituents and antioxidant properties//. EFSA Journal 2009; 7(9):1253. [[https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1253|PDF]] |
| | DSP | Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning | Illness caused by okadaic acid and dinophysistoxins (produced by //Dinophysis// spp.); relevant for bivalves and wild algae co-cultivated in coastal waters | | * EFSA NDA Panel (2011), //Scientific opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to antioxidant vitamins//. EFSA Journal 2011; 9(6):2206. [[https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2206|PDF]] |
| | FIC | Food Information to Consumers (Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011) | Mandatory and voluntary food labelling rules; nutrition declaration, allergen labelling | | * EFSA NDA Panel (2023), //Safety of phycocyanin-rich extract from Galdieria sulphuraria as a novel food for use in food supplements//. EFSA Journal 2023; 21(1):7798. [[https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7798|EFSA Journal]] |
| | GMP | Good Manufacturing Practice | Manufacturing standards required for food, feed, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals; ISO 22716 for cosmetics | | * EFSA NDA Panel (2026), //Safety evaluation of blue galdieria extract as a food additive//. EFSA Journal 2026; 24(3):e9960. [[https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2026.9960|EFSA Journal]] |
| | HACCP | Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points | Food safety management system required under Regulation (EC) No 852/2004 for all food business operators | | * EFSA CONTAM Panel (2005), //Opinion on the presence of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in feed//. EFSA Journal 2005; 3(12):291. [[https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2005.291|EFSA Journal]] |
| | INCI | International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients | Standardised naming system for cosmetic ingredients used in labelling and COSING | | * EFSA CONTAM Panel (2014), //Scientific opinion on risks for human health related to the presence of perchlorate in food//. EFSA Journal 2014; 12(6):3725. [[https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3725|EFSA Journal]] |
| | ML | Maximum Level | Contaminant limit established in Regulation (EU) 2023/915; product must not exceed ML to be placed on the market | | * EFSA CONTAM Panel (2014), //Scientific opinion on the risks to human and animal health related to the presence of indole-3-acetic acid and related compounds in food and feed//. EFSA Journal 2014; 12(6):3724. [[https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3724|EFSA Journal]] |
| | NDA | Nutrition, Dietetic products and Allergies (EFSA scientific panel) | Issues opinions on novel food, health claims, nutrient intake values, food supplements | | * EFSA NDA Panel (2022), //Safety of dried whole cells of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as a novel food//. EFSA Journal 2022; 20(2):e07161. [[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8867524/|PMC]] |
| | NSP | Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning | Illness caused by brevetoxins; less common in European waters | | * EFSA Scientific Committee (2023), //Scientific report on emerging risks in food safety//. EN-8233. [[https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.2903/sp.efsa.2023.EN-8233|PDF]] |
| | PSP | Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning | Illness caused by saxitoxins (produced by cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates); significant risk for algae harvested from coastal areas with HABs | | * EFSA Scientific Committee (2024), //Activities on emerging risks in 2023//. EN-9198. [[https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.2903/sp.efsa.2024.EN-9198|PDF]] |
| | RASFF | Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed | EU-wide notification system for food/feed safety risks; [[https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/search|RASFF portal]] | | * EFSA NDA Panel (2023), //Re-evaluation of alginates//. EFS2_8415 Rev 5. [[https://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2023-12/EFS2_8415_Rev5.pdf|PDF]] |
| | TDI | Tolerable Daily Intake | Toxicological reference value for non-threshold contaminants (e.g. heavy metals); used in EFSA assessments | | * EFSA (2024), //Arsenic in food — plain language summary//. [[https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/plain-language-summary/update-risk-assessment-inorganic-arsenic-food|EFSA]] |
| | TWI | Tolerable Weekly Intake | Weekly variant of TDI; used for contaminants with slower bioaccumulation (e.g. cadmium) | | * Testai E. et al. (2016), //Cyanobacterial toxins: bioaccumulation//. ANSES report. [[https://anses.hal.science/anses-01348179/document|PDF]] | [[media:bibliography:Deep-Purple_Standardisation.pdf|see also Deep-Purple standardisation file]] |
| | * Food Risk Assess Europe (2026), //Algae risk assessment//. [[https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.2903/fr.efsa.2026.FR-00108|PDF]] |
| |
| ---- | ---- |
| |
| ==== Feed and Fertiliser ==== | ==== Novel Food — Regulatory Databases and Resources ==== |
| |
| ^ Acronym ^ Full Name ^ Notes ^ | * EU Novel Food Catalogue (DG SANTE): [[https://food.ec.europa.eu/food-safety/novel-food/novel-food-status-catalogue_en|Novel Food Catalogue]] — searchable database for novel food status. |
| | CMC | Component Material Category | Categories defined in Annex II of the Fertilising Products Regulation (EU) 2019/1009; CMC 1 (virgin material), CMC 2 (plant/algal biomass), CMC 6 (recovered biochar), etc. | | * Decisions terminating novel food procedure (DG SANTE): [[https://food.ec.europa.eu/food-safety/novel-food/decisions-terminating-procedure_en|DG SANTE portal]] |
| | FPR | Fertilising Products Regulation (Regulation (EU) 2019/1009) | CE-marking framework for fertilisers, soil improvers, growing media, plant biostimulants, inhibitors | | * EABA (2023), //Algae as Novel Food in Europe//. [[https://www.eaba-association.org/en/library/paper-algae-as-novel-food-in-europe|EABA]] | [[media:bibliography:EABA_Novel_food_state_of_the art.pdf|local copy]] |
| | NPK | Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium | The three primary macronutrients in fertilisers; NPK fertiliser contains all three | | |
| | PFC | Product Function Category | Categories in Annex I of FPR defining the type of fertilising product function (e.g. PFC 1: fertiliser, PFC 6: plant biostimulant) | | |
| |
| ---- | ---- |
| |
| ==== Chemistry, Biology and Contaminants ==== | ==== Scientific Literature — Novel Food and Food Safety ==== |
| |
| ^ Acronym ^ Full Name ^ Notes ^ | * Dourado M.N., van den Berg H. and Gama J. (2016), "European Regulatory Framework on Novel Foods and Novel Food Additives", in //Functional Food and Human Health//, ed. Ravishankar. [[media:bibliography:Dourado-vandenBerg-Gama_2016_European Regulatory Framework on Novel Foods and Novel Food Additives_4701fb636edac337a21339db205e14f7.pdf|local copy]] |
| | BMAA | β-Methylamino-L-alanine | Neurotoxic amino acid produced by some cyanobacteria; potential link to neurodegenerative diseases under investigation | | * deBoer A. (2019), "Scientific assessments in European food law: Making it future-proof", //Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology// 106, 87–95. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0273230019302016|ScienceDirect]] | [[media:bibliography:deBoer_2019_Scientific assessments in European food law- Making it future-proof_1-s2.0-S0273230019302016-main.pdf|local copy]] |
| | DNA | Deoxyribonucleic Acid | Carrier of genetic information; relevant to GMO detection and identity testing | | * Lähteenmäki-Uutela A. et al. (2021), "Alternative proteins and EU food law", //Food Control// 130. [[media:bibliography:LähteenmäkiUutela-Rahikainese-Lonkila-Yang_2021_Alternative proteins and EU food law_1-s2.0-S0956713521004746-main.pdf|local copy]] |
| | DHA | Docosahexaenoic Acid | Long-chain omega-3 fatty acid (22:6 n-3); produced by marine microalgae (e.g. //Schizochytrium//); important nutraceutical and novel food ingredient | | * Lauzeri A. et al. (2023), "Regulatory aspects of microalgae-derived food and feed products in the EU", //Journal of Food Science and Technology//. [[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11947-022-02926-w|SpringerLink]] |
| | EPA | Eicosapentaenoic Acid | Long-chain omega-3 fatty acid (20:5 n-3); co-produced with DHA by marine microalgae; nutraceutical ingredient | | * BioSafe (2023), "Microalgae to market: Regulatory essentials for food innovators". [[https://www.biosafe.fi/insight/microalgae-to-market-regulatory-essentials-for-food-innovators|BioSafe blog]] |
| | GMO | Genetically Modified Organism | Organism whose genetic material has been altered using recombinant DNA technology; subject to Directive 2001/18/EC and Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 | | * Lewis M.A. (2022), //NutraSteward: Fucoxanthin from Phaeodactylum tricornutum — Understanding Regulation for Nutraceuticals in EU and US//. [[media:bibliography:Lewis_2022_NutraSteward Fucoxanthin Phaeodactylum- Understanding Regulation for NUtraceuticals in EU and US.pdf|local copy]] |
| | HAB | Harmful Algal Bloom | Rapid proliferation of algae (often cyanobacteria or dinoflagellates) producing toxins or causing oxygen depletion; key risk factor for wild-harvested algae | | * "Seaweeds for food: from production to consumer", Nordic publication (2026), Chapter 3: Food Safety. [[https://pub.norden.org/temanord2026-510/3-food-safety.html|Norden Publications]] |
| | IAS | Invasive Alien Species | Non-native species causing ecological or economic harm; subject to Regulation (EU) No 1143/2014 | | * CEVA (2019), //Edible algae — French and EU regulatory update//. [[media:bibliography:CEVA - Edible algae - FR and EUregulatory update 2019.pdf|local copy]] |
| | LC-PUFA | Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid | Fatty acids with ≥20 carbon chain length and ≥2 double bonds, including DHA and EPA; major nutritional interest of marine algae | | * WHO (2017), //Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality// (4th edition with 1st addendum), cyanotoxin chapters. [[https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241549950|WHO]] |
| | NGT | New Genomic Technique | Biotechnological methods enabling targeted modification of an organism's genome (e.g. CRISPR-Cas9); proposed EU Regulation distinguishes NGT 1 (equivalent to conventional breeding) and NGT 2 | | * Mangini A. (2022), //EU4Algae Survey on algae regulation//. [[media:bibliography:Mangini_2022_EU4algae Survey.pdf|local copy]] |
| | PAH | Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon | Environmental contaminants formed by incomplete combustion; regulated in food under Regulation (EU) 2023/915 | | * Crespo N. et al. (2022), "Regulatory landscape for microalgae-based products across market applications", //MultiStr3am-BBI// project. [[media:bibliography:MultiStr3am_2021_D4-1_Regulatory Landscape for Microalgae biomass valorisation accross market applications_V3.pdf|local copy]] | [[media:bibliography:Crespo_2022_Regulatory landscape_MultiStr3am-BBI.pdf|summary copy]] |
| | PCB | Polychlorinated Biphenyl | Persistent organic pollutants regulated in food and feed; dioxin-like PCBs subject to EFSA opinions and ML regulations | | |
| | PUFA | Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid | Fatty acids with more than one double bond; includes omega-3 (DHA, EPA, ALA) and omega-6 (linoleic, arachidonic acid) families | | |
| | RNA | Ribonucleic Acid | Intermediate in gene expression; relevant to certain NGT approaches and RNA-based GMO detection | | |
| |
| ---- | ---- |
| |
| ==== Environmental and Water Law ==== | ==== Scientific Literature — Health Claims ==== |
| |
| ^ Acronym ^ Full Name ^ Notes ^ | * Hieke S. and Grunert K.G. (2018), "Consumers and health claims", //Reference Module in Food Science// (Elsevier). doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-100922-2.00002-4. [[media:bibliography:Hieke-Grunert_2018_Consumers and health claims_B978-0-08-100922-2.00002-4.pdf|local copy]] |
| | ELW | European List of Wastes | Harmonised classification list for waste streams, established under WFD; each stream has a 6-digit code | | * Lenssen J., Bast A. and de Boer A. (2020), "Should botanical health claims be substantiated with evidence on traditional use? Reviewing the stakeholders' arguments". [[media:bibliography:Lenssen-Bast-deBoer_2020_Should botanical health claims be substantiated with evidence on traditional use Reviewing the stakeholders arguments_1-s2.0-S2213434420300578-main.pdf|local copy]] |
| | ESPP | European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform | Industry/stakeholder platform working on phosphorus recovery and nutrient circularity | | * Stachowiak-Szulc B. et al. (2021), "Antioxidant Claims on Food Products — EU Regulatory Status", //Molecules// 26(9):2666. [[https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/9/2666|MDPI]] |
| | MSFD | Marine Strategy Framework Directive (Directive 2008/56/EC) | Requires member states to achieve "good environmental status" in marine waters; Descriptor 2 covers non-indigenous species | | * deBoer A. et al. (2014), "Scientific substantiation of health claims: Regulatory challenges for producers of botanical products". //Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology//. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0273230014000221|ScienceDirect]] | [[media:bibliography:deBoer_2019_Scientific assessments in European food law- Making it future-proof_1-s2.0-S0273230019302016-main.pdf|see also deBoer 2019]] |
| | UWWTD | Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive (Directive 91/271/EEC, recast Directive 2024/3019) | Regulates collection, treatment and discharge of urban wastewater; 2024 recast creates opportunities for algae-based nutrient removal | | * ASA/CAP UK (2023), "Food — Antioxidant claims". [[https://www.asa.org.uk/advice-online/food-antioxidant-claims.html|ASA/CAP UK]] (UK guidance; relevant as comparative reference for understanding how antioxidant claims are being handled post-Brexit). |
| | WFD (water) | Water Framework Directive (Directive 2000/60/EC) | Establishes framework for water policy; ecological status assessment includes phytoplankton indicators | | * EU Health Claims Register (DG SANTE): [[https://ec.europa.eu/food/food-feed-portal/screen/health-claims/eu-register|DG SANTE portal]] — authorised and refused claims database. |
| | WFD (waste) | Waste Framework Directive (Directive 2008/98/EC) | See above under //Legal and Document References// | | * Akumal Nutrition (2024), "Health claims for supplement labelling in the EU". [[https://www.akumalnutrition.com/blog/health-claims-supplement-labeling-eu|Akumal Nutrition blog]] (trade commentary, not legal advice). |
| | * Nutraingredients (2016), "Why antioxidant claims have been killed off in the EU". [[https://www.nutraingredients.com/Article/2016/06/22/why-antioxidant-claims-have-been-killed-off-in-the-eu/|Nutraingredients]] |
| |
| ---- | ---- |
| |
| ==== Customs and Trade ==== | ==== Scientific Literature — GMO and New Genomic Techniques ==== |
| |
| ^ Acronym ^ Full Name ^ Notes ^ | * Gallego R. et al. (2026), "GMO microalgae: regulatory and commercial landscape". //Reviews in Aquaculture//. [[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/raq.70178|Wiley]] |
| | BCP | Border Control Post | Official control points at EU borders for inspection of goods from third countries (Regulation (EU) 2017/625); replaced the term BIP | | * Spicer A. and Molnar A. (2018), "Gene editing of microalgae: scientific progress and regulatory challenges in Europe". //Biology// 7(1):21. [[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5872047/|PMC]] |
| | BIP | Border Inspection Post | Former term for EU entry-point control facilities; superseded by BCP under Regulation (EU) 2017/625 | | * Broll G. et al. (2019), "Detection methods for GMOs in food and feed". //Food Control// 101:63–78. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956713519302105|ScienceDirect]] |
| | CN | Combined Nomenclature | EU's 8-digit goods classification system, updated annually; algae under CN 1212 21 00 (food) or 1212 29 00 (other) | | * CJEU (2023), Press Release on case C-688/21 (NGT ruling). [[https://curia.europa.eu/jcms/upload/docs/application/pdf/2023-02/cp230022en.pdf|CJEU]] |
| | DPE | Designated Point of Entry | Entry point designated for specific categories of non-animal-origin products from third countries | | * European Parliament (2024), "Is the EU authorising new GMOs? Telling fact from fiction". [[https://www.europarl.europa.eu/topics/en/article/20240125STO17062/is-the-eu-authorising-new-gmos-telling-fact-from-fiction|EP Topics]] |
| | HS | Harmonised System | WCO global goods nomenclature (6-digit); basis of the CN | | * Wesseler J. et al. (2022), "The EU New Genomics Techniques Regulation". //Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy//. [[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/aepp.13259|Wiley]] |
| | NACE | //Nomenclature statistique des Activités économiques dans la Communauté Européenne// (French) | EU economic activity classification; algae production under Division 03 (Aquaculture); diverges from CN botanical classification | | * SCNAT Swiss Academies of Arts and Sciences (2026), "New genomic techniques: European regulation". [[https://naturalsciences.ch/new-genomic-techniques-explained/regulation/european_union/new_regulation_in_the_eu|SCNAT]] |
| | SAD | Single Administrative Document | Customs declaration form used for imports, exports, and transit in the EU | | * Mangini A. (2021), //Algae regulatory deals and constraints — Polo Microalghe//. [[media:bibliography:Mangini_2021_Algae regulatory deals and constraints-1_Polo Microalghe.pptx|local copy]] |
| |
| ---- | ---- |
| |
| ==== Intellectual Property ==== | ==== Scientific Literature — Environment and Alien Species ==== |
| |
| ^ Acronym ^ Full Name ^ Notes ^ | * IUCN (2000), //100 of the World's Worst Invasive Alien Species//. [[https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2000-126.pdf|PDF]] |
| | GI | Geographical Indication | Protection for product names linked to geographical origin; EU quality scheme under Regulation (EU) 2024/1143 | | * EASIN (2024), Factsheet — Caulerpa taxifolia. [[https://easin.jrc.ec.europa.eu/spexplorer/species/factsheet/R15692|EASIN]] |
| | IP | Intellectual Property | Collective term for patents, trade marks, copyright, designs, trade secrets, and GIs | | * JRC (2022), //Marine Strategy Framework Directive — Descriptor 2, Non-Indigenous Species//. [[https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC124136|JRC Repository]] |
| | PDO | Protected Designation of Origin | Strongest EU geographical indication: all steps of production, processing, and preparation in the defined area | | * ICES (2012), //Alien Species Alert: Undaria pinnatifida (Wakame or Japanese Kelp)//. [[https://ices-library.figshare.com/articles/report/Alien_Species_Alert_Undaria_Pinnatifida_Wakame_or_Japanese_Kelp_/18624197|ICES Library]] |
| | PGI | Protected Geographical Indication | EU geographical indication: at least one step in the defined area | | * Ireland (2024), Statutory Instrument 374/2024 — Invasive Alien Species Regulations. [[https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2024/si/374/made/en/print|Irish Statute Book]] |
| | PVP | Plant Variety Protection | Breeder's right under Regulation (EC) No 2100/94 (CPVR) covering new, distinct, uniform and stable plant varieties | | * van der Loos L. et al. (2023), "Invasion history and genetic diversity of //Sargassum muticum// in Europe". //European Journal of Phycology//. [[https://hal.science/hal-04373042v1/file/vanderLoos_2023_EurJPhycol.pdf|HAL Open Access]] |
| | TSG | Traditional Speciality Guaranteed | EU quality scheme protecting traditional recipes or production methods (not linked to geography) | | * Tsiamis K. et al. (2020), "The native-exotic species debate: Current concerns and future challenges for marine introduced species in Europe". //Aquatic Conservation//. [[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/aqc.3267|Wiley]] |
| | CPVR | Community Plant Variety Right | EU-level plant breeder's right issued by CPVO; may cover selected algae varieties | | * IUCN GISD (2024), //Global Invasive Species Database — Caulerpa taxifolia//. [[https://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/pdf.php?sc=1698|IUCN GISD]] |
| | CPVO | Community Plant Variety Office | EU agency (Angers) granting CPVRs | | * Sfriso A. et al. (2012), "Spreading and autoecology of the invasive species //Gracilaria vermiculophylla// in the north-western Adriatic Sea". [[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234038502|ResearchGate]] |
| | R&D | Research and Development | Relevant to IP strategy (patent priority), state aid rules, and EU funding for algae innovation | | * Jensen T. et al. (2023), "Monitoring marine invasive algae in Danish coastal waters", //Diversity// 15(4):434. [[https://backend.orbit.dtu.dk/ws/files/318772859/diversity_15_00434_v4.pdf|DTU Repository]] |
| | * Manolidi K. et al. (2018), "Neurotoxin BMAA and its isomeric amino acids in cyanobacteria and cyanobacteria-based food supplements". [[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328619194|ResearchGate]] |
| | * Wang Y. et al. (2023), "Investigation on cyanobacterial production of the proposed neurotoxin β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA)". [[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373057646|ResearchGate]] |
| | * Bellver A. et al. (2025), "Invasive macroalgae in Mediterranean coastal habitats". UPC. [[https://upcommons.upc.edu/bitstreams/74d2cebc-6294-49ca-848f-473dbb0287e2/download|PDF]] |
| |
| ---- | ---- |
| |
| ==== Organic Production and Certification ==== | ==== Scientific Literature — Organic Production ==== |
| |
| ^ Acronym ^ Full Name ^ Notes ^ | * EGTOP (2021), //Final Report on Fertilisers IV and Plant Protection Products VI//. [[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351933902|ResearchGate]] | [[media:bibliography:egtop-report-fertilisers-iv-and-plant-protection-products-vi_en.pdf|local copy]] |
| | CAC | Codex Alimentarius Commission | See EU Institutions section | | * EGTOP (2023), //Final Report on Fertilisers VI and PPP VIII//. [[https://agriculture.ec.europa.eu/document/download/a4561074-266c-40dd-881b-c27f150e3d8a_en?filename=egtop-report-fertilisers-vi-and-ppp-viii_en.pdf|EC download]] | [[media:bibliography:egtop-report-fertilisers-iv-and-plant-protection-products-vi_en.pdf|see also EGTOP 2021 local copy]] |
| | COSMOS | COSMetics Organic Standard | Private certification standard for organic and natural cosmetics; COSMOS-standard AISBL | | * EGTOP (2026), //Reports and work programme//. [[https://agriculture.ec.europa.eu/farming/organic-farming/co-operation-and-expert-advice/egtop-reports_en|EC portal]] |
| | EGTOP | Expert Group for Technical Advice on Organic Production | EC expert group advising on permitted substances/techniques under Regulation (EU) 2018/848 | | * EGTOP (2023), //Final Report on Aquaculture IV//. [[media:bibliography:egtop-final-report-aquaculture-iv_en.pdf|local copy]] |
| | NATRUE | — | Private label and certification scheme for natural and organic cosmetics; [[https://natrue.org|natrue.org]] | | * EGTOP (2023), //Report on Criteria for Cleaning and Disinfection//. [[media:bibliography:egtop-report-on-criteria-cleaning-and-disinfection_en.pdf|local copy]] |
| | * EGTOP (2021), //Report on Factory Farming//. [[https://agriculture.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2021-12/egtop-report-on-factory-farming_en_0.pdf|EC download]] |
| | * Organic farming legislative archive (European Parliament 2017): consolidated text. [[media:bibliography:s_2014_2019_plmrep_COMMITTEES_AGRI_DV_2017_11-22_Organics_ConsolidatedText_EN.pdf|local copy]] |
| |
| ---- | ---- |
| |
| ==== Aquaculture and Wild Harvesting ==== | ==== Scientific Literature — Intellectual Property and Trade Secrets ==== |
| |
| ^ Acronym ^ Full Name ^ Notes ^ | * European Commission (2023), //Trade Secrets Litigation Trends Study//. [[media:bibliography:2023_Trade_Secrets_Litigation_Trends_Study_FullR_en.pdf|local copy]] |
| | AD | Anaerobic Digestion | Biological process decomposing organic matter without oxygen; produces biogas (methane + CO₂) and digestate; algae used as co-substrate or sole feedstock | | * Koniaris M., Anagnostopoulos I. and Vassiliou V. (2015), "Network analysis in the legal domain: A complex model for European Union legal sources". [[media:bibliography:Koniaris-Anagnostopoulos-Vassiliou_2015_Network Analysis in the Legal Domain- A complex model for European Union legal sources.pdf|local copy]] |
| | ICES | International Council for the Exploration of the Sea | Intergovernmental body providing scientific advice on marine ecosystems; relevant for invasive macroalgae assessments | | * Koniaris M., Anagnostopoulos I. and Vassiliou V. (2017), "Evaluation of diversification techniques for legal information retrieval". [[media:bibliography:Koniaris-Anagnostopoulos-Vassiliou_2017_Evaluation of Diversification Techniques for Legal Information Retrieval.pdf|local copy]] |
| | IUCN | International Union for Conservation of Nature | Global conservation body; maintains Red List and Global Invasive Species Database (GISD) | | |
| | PBR | Photobioreactor | Closed cultivation system for microalgae; controls light, CO₂, temperature, and contamination more precisely than open ponds | | |
| | RAS | Recirculating Aquaculture System | Closed-loop fish or aquaculture production system with water treatment; can be combined with algae cultivation (integrated multitrophic aquaculture) | | |
| |
| ---- | ---- |
| |
| ==== Abbreviations in Citations ==== | ==== Sustainability, Green Claims and Greenwashing ==== |
| | |
| | * European Commission (2024), //Green Claims Directive legislative documents//. Track via [[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/search.html?query=green+claims+directive&scope=EURLEX&lang=en|EURlex search]] |
| | * Compare Ethics (2024), "An Essential Guide to the EU Green Claims Directive". [[media:bibliography:An Essential Guide to the EU Green Claims Directive • Compare Ethics.pdf|local copy]] |
| | * Inside EU Life Sciences (2024), "EU Adopts New Rules on Greenwashing and Social Impact Claims". [[media:bibliography:EU Adopts New Rules on Greenwashing and Social Impact Claims Inside EU Life Sciences.pdf|local copy]] |
| | * Various jurisdictions guide (2024), "How to make reliable sustainability claims in the US, UK, and Netherlands". [[media:bibliography:How to make reliable sustainability claims in the US, UK, and Netherlands.pdf|local copy]] |
| | * H4P Project (2023), //Policy brief on green claims//. [[media:bibliography:2023_09_H4P_Policy_brief.pdf|local copy]] |
| | * Sagentia (2024), "Natural colours — food and beverage regulations". [[https://sagentia.com/blog/natural-colours-food-and-beverage-regulations/|Sagentia blog]] |
| | * Givaudan/Everzure (2024), "Galdieria natural blue color regulatory pathway". [[https://www.foodingredientsfirst.com/news/givaudan-everzure-galdieria-natural-blue-color.html|Food Ingredients First]] |
| | |
| | ---- |
| | |
| | ==== Cosmetics ==== |
| | |
| | * COSING — European Commission Cosmetics Ingredient Database: [[https://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/cosing/|COSING portal]] | COSING entry for Galdieria: [[https://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/cosing/details/98999|entry 98999]] |
| | * ISO 22716:2007, //Cosmetics — Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP)//. [[https://www.iso.org/standard/36437.html|ISO]] |
| | * European Commission — Cosmetics legislation overview: [[https://single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu/sectors/cosmetics/legislation_en|Single Market Economy portal]] |
| | * COSMOS-standard (for organic and natural cosmetics certification): [[https://www.cosmos-standard.org/en/|COSMOS-standard AISBL]] |
| | * NATRUE (for natural and organic cosmetics certification): [[https://natrue.org/|NATRUE]] |
| | * EU Ecolabel (for cosmetic products): [[https://www.eu-ecolabel.nl/en/about-eu-ecolabel/|EU Ecolabel]] |
| | * Deep Purple project (2023), //Standardisation of algae pigments for cosmetics//. [[media:bibliography:Deep-Purple_Standardisation.pdf|local copy]] |
| | |
| | ---- |
| | |
| | ==== Biogas and Bioenergy ==== |
| | |
| | * Biogas3 project (2014), //European legislative and financial framework for biogas from algae//. [[media:bibliography:Biogas3_2014_European_legislative_and_financial_framework.pdf|local copy]] |
| | * NNFCC (2019), //Regulatory requirements for algal-derived animal feed//. [[media:bibliography:NNFCC_ALG-AD-Policy-report_FINAL_Regulatory_animal_feed.pdf|local copy]] |
| | |
| | ---- |
| | |
| | ==== Regulatory Databases and Official Portals ==== |
| | |
| | * EUR-Lex: [[https://eur-lex.europa.eu|eur-lex.europa.eu]] — authoritative source for all EU legal acts. |
| | * EU Novel Food Catalogue (DG SANTE): [[https://food.ec.europa.eu/food-safety/novel-food/novel-food-status-catalogue_en|DG SANTE]] |
| | * EU Feed Materials Register: [[https://feedmaterialsregister.eu/|feedmaterialsregister.eu]] |
| | * EU Feed Additives Register (DG SANTE): [[https://food.ec.europa.eu/food-safety/animal-feed/feed-additives_en|DG SANTE]] |
| | * EU Health Claims Register (DG SANTE): [[https://ec.europa.eu/food/food-feed-portal/screen/health-claims/eu-register|DG SANTE]] |
| | * RASFF — Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed: [[https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/search|RASFF portal]] |
| | * EFSA Open Scientific Data: [[https://open.efsa.europa.eu|open.efsa.europa.eu]] |
| | * ECHA Substance Registry: [[https://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals|echa.europa.eu]] |
| | * AlgaeBase (taxonomic database): [[https://www.algaebase.org|algaebase.org]] |
| | * EASIN (European Alien Species Information Network): [[https://easin.jrc.ec.europa.eu|easin.jrc.ec.europa.eu]] |
| | * EU Aquaculture Knowledge Base: [[https://aquaculture.ec.europa.eu/knowledge-base/eu-legislation-and-relevant-international-instruments|aquaculture.ec.europa.eu]] |
| | |
| | ---- |
| | |
| | ==== National Regulatory Resources ==== |
| | |
| | * France — LégiFrance (including list of authorised plants in food supplements, JORF): [[https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/id/JORFTEXT000029254516/2026-06-20|LégiFrance]] |
| | * Ireland — Invasive Alien Species Regulations SI 374/2024: [[https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2024/si/374/made/en/print|Irish Statute Book]] |
| | |
| | ---- |
| | |
| | ==== Industry Organizations and Projects ==== |
| | |
| | * EABA — European Algae Biomass Association: [[https://www.eaba-association.org/en|eaba-association.org]] | [[https://www.eaba-association.eu|eaba-association.eu]] |
| | * EU4Algae platform (maritime-forum.ec.europa.eu): [[https://maritime-forum.ec.europa.eu/eu4algae_en|EU4Algae]] |
| | * Locality Algae project: [[https://www.locality-algae.eu/|locality-algae.eu]] |
| | * What are algae? (educational resource): [[https://www.what-are-algae.com/|what-are-algae.com]] |
| | * H4P — Health4Protein project policy briefs: see [[media:bibliography:2023_09_H4P_Policy_brief.pdf|local copy]] |
| | |
| | ---- |
| | |
| | ==== Other Files in Bibliography Folder (Not Directly Cited but Potentially Relevant) ==== |
| | |
| | The following files are stored in the wiki bibliography folder and may be relevant for background research: |
| |
| ^ Abbreviation ^ Meaning ^ | * [[media:bibliography:Sabana confidential_EU relevant legislation for nutrient recovery in production....docx|Sabana project — EU relevant legislation for nutrient recovery]] (confidential — check access rights before sharing) |
| | Art. | Article (of a legal act) | | * [[media:bibliography:D5.1_Market_and_legislation_analysis.docx|ALGAECAN D5.1 Market and Legislation Analysis]] |
| | Annex | Annex (appendix to a legal act) | | * [[media:bibliography:ALGAECAN Final Report_legislative-add-on.docx|ALGAECAN Final Report — legislative add-on]] |
| | cf. | compare (//confer//) | | * [[media:bibliography:05. Legislacion productos agronomicos_Bioregulatory.pdf|Legislación — Productos Agronómicos (Spanish)]] |
| | Ch. | Chapter | | * [[media:bibliography:SEC_2008-2976_Characteristics and perspectives of the market for food supplements.pdf|SEC(2008) 2976 — EU food supplements market characteristics]] |
| | EC | European Community (used in older legislation pre-Lisbon Treaty) | | * [[media:bibliography:KJ0219866ENN.en.pdf|JRC 2008 — End-of-waste criteria (JRC Technical Report)]] |
| | EEC | European Economic Community (used in pre-1993 legislation) | | * [[media:bibliography:Primeur 2022_CultureAlgues_spiruline-données nationales 2022.pdf|Primeur 2022 — Spirulina national production data (French)]] |
| | EU | European Union | | * [[media:bibliography:RoU_EU_certification_marks_en_regulation.pdf|EU Certification Marks Regulation]] |
| | ibid. | in the same source (//ibidem//) | | * [[media:bibliography:cellar_ccf4e0b8-b0cc-11ec-83e1-01aa75ed71a1.0012.02_DOC_1.pdf|EU cellar document — identify and label appropriately]] |
| | No | Number (regulation or directive number) | | * Slovenian national legislation (RS_* files) — water, environment, food safety regulations; in Slovenian, for member-state comparison. |
| | OJ L | Official Journal, Legislation series | | |
| | OJ C | Official Journal, Communications and Information series | | |
| | para. | paragraph | | |
| | p. | page | | |
| | Rec. | recital (in a legal act's preamble) | | |
| | s. | section | | |
| |
| ---- | ---- |
| |
| //See also: [[algae:eu_legislation_general|General on EU Legislation]] | [[algae:legal_sources|Referenced Legal Sources]] | [[algae:bibliography|Bibliography and Specialised Sources]] | [[algae:purpose_scope_sources|Purpose, Scope and Sources]]// | //See also: [[algae:legal_sources|Referenced Legal Sources]] | [[algae:cases_precedents|Regulatory Cases and Precedents]] | [[algae:eu_legislation_general|General on EU Legislation]] | [[algae:initiatives_strategic|Initiatives and Strategic Documents]]// |
| |
| //Last reviewed: September 2026.// | //Last reviewed: September 2026.// |
