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--- algae:customs_trade [2026-06-24 09:50] – [Customs Classification and Trade] robert
+++ algae:customs_trade [2026-06-27 07:18] (current) – [Phytosanitary requirements] robert
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 ===== Customs Classification and Trade =====
-!FIXME!
 The Combined Nomenclature (CN) classification of algae and algal products has significant implications for import duties, trade statistics, market authorisations and labelling requirements. This chapter covers the CN classification framework, the specific headings relevant to algae, the CN/NACE classification tension (covered also in [[algae:aquaculture_wild_harvesting|Aquaculture and Wild Harvesting]] and [[algae:agriculture_land_based|Agriculture and Land-based Cultivation]]), import conditions for algae from third countries, and the trade policy context.
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 ==== The Combined Nomenclature Framework ====
-Council Regulation (EEC) No 2658/87 of 23 July 1987 on the tariff and statistical nomenclature and on the Common Customs Tariff, OJ L 256, 7.9.1987, p. 1, implemented annually by Commission Implementing Regulations.
+Council Regulation (EEC) No 2658/87 of 23 July 1987 on the tariff and statistical nomenclature and on the Common Customs Tariff, OJ L 256, 7.9.1987, p. 1, [[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A01987R2658-20260101|EURlex]] implemented annually by Commission Implementing Regulations.
 The Combined Nomenclature (CN) is the EU's goods classification system, serving simultaneously as the basis for the Common Customs Tariff (import duties), EU external trade statistics, and various EU policy instruments (agricultural market measures, import controls). The CN is updated annually; the current version is Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2025/1926. [[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg_impl/2025/1926/oj|EUR-Lex]]
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 For the purposes of heading 1212, "seaweeds and other algae" explicitly does __not__ include:
-  * (a) Dead single-cell micro-organisms of heading __2102__ (yeasts, dead; single-cell micro-organisms, dead; prepared baking powders).
+  * Dead single-cell micro-organisms of heading __2102__ (yeasts, dead; single-cell micro-organisms, dead; prepared baking powders).
-  * (b) Cultures of micro-organisms of heading __3002__ (human blood; animal blood prepared for therapeutic, prophylactic or diagnostic uses; animal serums; toxins, cultures of micro-organisms except yeasts and similar).
+  * Cultures of micro-organisms of heading __3002__ (human blood; animal blood prepared for therapeutic, prophylactic or diagnostic uses; animal serums; toxins, cultures of micro-organisms except yeasts and similar).
-  * (c) Fertilisers of heading __3101__ (animal or vegetable fertilising products, whether or not mixed together or chemically treated) or __3105__ (mineral or chemical fertilisers containing two or three of the fertilising elements nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium).
+  * Fertilisers of heading __3101__ (animal or vegetable fertilising products, whether or not mixed together or chemically treated) or __3105__ (mineral or chemical fertilisers containing two or three of the fertilising elements nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium).
 These exclusions create important classification decisions for algae producers:
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 === Phytosanitary requirements ===
-Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 of the European Parliament and of the Council on protective measures against pests of plants establishes phytosanitary import requirements. Algae are "plants" for phytosanitary purposes, and some categories of imported fresh or minimally processed algae may require phytosanitary certificates. Producers importing live algae cultures, fresh macroalgae, or seed stock from third countries should check applicable phytosanitary requirements.
+Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 of the European Parliament and of the Council on protective measures against pests of plants establishes phytosanitary import requirements [[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A02016R2031-20250105|EURlex]]. Algae are "plants" for phytosanitary purposes, and some categories of imported fresh or minimally processed algae may require phytosanitary certificates. Producers importing live algae cultures, fresh macroalgae, or seed stock from third countries should check applicable phytosanitary requirements.
+=== Labelling requirements ===
+Algae, as aquacultural products, must be labelled in accordance with the aquacultural labelling rules. This means that Origin and Production Method Labelling for Aquaculture Products is mandatory according to Regulation No 1379/2013. This requirement is not tested at the import, but may be tested &enforced at any time when product is on the market. See [[algae:food:labelling]] for details.
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