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Algae production and processing facilities use a wide range of mechanical, electrical and pressure equipment — pumps, centrifuges, spray-dryers, photobioreactors, pressure vessels, mixing systems, extraction equipment — that must conform to EU product safety legislation. This chapter covers the principal EU equipment safety directives and regulations applicable to algae production plant, and the EU worker health and safety framework as it applies to algae operations.

EU equipment safety legislation is organised around the concept of placing equipment on the market: a manufacturer (or importer placing non-EU-made equipment on the EU market) must ensure the equipment meets the applicable “essential requirements”, affix the CE marking, and provide a Declaration of Conformity (DoC) before the equipment is sold or put into service. Compliance with harmonised EU standards (EN standards, cited in the Official Journal) creates a presumption of conformity with the essential requirements.

Regulation (EU) 2023/1230 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 June 2023 on machinery, OJ L 165, 29.6.2023, p. 1 (replacing Directive 2006/42/EC from January 2027).

Directive 2006/42/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 May 2006 on machinery, OJ L 157, 9.6.2006, p. 24. EUR-Lex (currently applicable, to be replaced by the 2023 Regulation from January 2027)

Relevance to algae: The Machinery Directive/Regulation is the most broadly applicable product safety instrument for algae production equipment. It covers machines, assemblies of machines, and interchangeable equipment with at least one moving part. In an algae production context, this includes: mixing/agitation systems, pumps, centrifuges, homogenisers, conveyor systems, packaging machines, spray-dryers, bead-millers, and extraction equipment. All such equipment placed on the EU market must bear CE marking demonstrating compliance with the essential health and safety requirements in Annex I to the Directive (or equivalent in the Regulation when it applies). Producers purchasing equipment from non-EU suppliers must verify CE marking compliance before installation.

Directive 2014/68/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 May 2014 on the harmonisation of the laws of the member states relating to the making available on the market of pressure equipment, OJ L 189, 27.6.2014, p. 164. EUR-Lex

Relevance to algae: Pressure equipment (vessels, piping, safety accessories and pressure accessories operating above 0.5 bar gauge pressure) must comply with this Directive. In algae production, pressure equipment is found in: high-pressure homogenisers (cell disruption), autoclaves and sterilisers (media preparation), pressurised photobioreactors or tubular systems operating with CO₂ injection, spray-dryer steam systems, and compressed gas storage. The Directive categorises pressure equipment by fluid type (gas or liquid, hazardous or non-hazardous) and by the product of pressure × volume (PS × V) to determine the applicable conformity assessment route.

Directive 2014/29/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 February 2014 on the harmonisation of the laws of the member states relating to the making available on the market of simple pressure vessels, OJ L 96, 29.3.2014, p. 45. EUR-Lex

Relevance to algae: Simple pressure vessels (welded steel or aluminium vessels for compressed air or inert gas, PS × V between 50 bar·litre and 10,000 bar·litre) that fall outside the main PED are covered by this Directive. Relevant for some storage tanks and buffer vessels in algae processing.

Directive 2014/35/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 February 2014 on the harmonisation of the laws of the member states relating to the making available on the market of electrical equipment designed for use within certain voltage limits, OJ L 96, 29.3.2014, p. 357. EUR-Lex

Relevance to algae: Electrical equipment operating between 50 V and 1,000 V AC (or 75 V and 1,500 V DC) must comply with this Directive. Virtually all electrical equipment in an algae production facility (pumps, control systems, LED grow-light systems, sensors, heating and cooling equipment) is subject to the LVD. CE marking by the equipment supplier is required; the facility operator must ensure all installed electrical equipment is appropriately rated and installed.

Directive 2014/34/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 February 2014 on the harmonisation of the laws of the member states relating to equipment and protective systems intended for use in potentially explosive atmospheres, OJ L 96, 29.3.2014, p. 309. EUR-Lex

Relevance to algae: The ATEX Directive applies where explosive atmospheres may form. In algae processing, this is most relevant to spray-drying operations (fine dried algae powder can form an explosive dust cloud) and to facilities where flammable solvents are used in extraction. ATEX-rated equipment must be used in designated hazardous zones, and an ATEX zone classification for the facility must be prepared. Spray-dryer installations for microalgae powder are a specific area where ATEX requirements are commonly encountered.

Regulation (EU) 2016/425 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 2016 on personal protective equipment and repealing Council Directive 89/686/EEC, OJ L 81, 1.4.2016, p. 51. EUR-Lex

Relevance to algae: PPE (protective clothing, gloves, respiratory protection, eye protection) supplied to employees must meet the requirements of this Regulation and bear CE marking appropriate to the risk category.

Council Directive 89/391/EEC of 12 June 1989 on the introduction of measures to encourage improvements in the safety and health of workers at work (Framework Directive), OJ L 183, 29.6.1989, p. 1. EUR-Lex

Relevance to algae: The Framework Directive imposes general obligations on employers to: assess workplace risks, implement appropriate preventive measures, inform and train workers, consult with worker representatives, and keep records. For algae production, this encompasses the physical risks of equipment operation and the biological agent risks described below.

Directive 2000/54/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 September 2000 on the protection of workers from risks related to exposure to biological agents at work, OJ L 262, 17.10.2000, p. 21.

Relevance to algae: This Directive is particularly important for large-scale microalgae production facilities. Biological agents are classified in four risk groups (Group 1: unlikely to cause disease in healthy humans; through Group 4: severe disease, high pandemic risk, no effective treatment). Most cultivated algae and cyanobacteria are Group 1 agents, but:

• Cyanotoxins produced by cultivated or contaminant cyanobacteria (Spirulina/Limnospira, Aphanizomenon) are a workplace aerosol risk during spray-drying and processing, as well as a skin and inhalation hazard.
• Bioaerosols from large-scale open pond cultivation can expose workers to algal and associated bacterial material; respiratory risk assessment is warranted for full-scale operations.
• Workers in facilities with elevated cyanotoxin risk should have appropriate RPE (respiratory protective equipment) and the risk must be included in the employer's biological agents risk assessment.

Additional sector-specific considerations under EU health and safety law include:

• Manual handling (Directive 90/269/EEC): relevant for handling heavy harvest containers, centrifuge bowls, and packaging equipment.
• Vibration (Directive 2002/44/EC): potentially relevant for workers operating certain algae disruption or homogenisation equipment with significant vibration.
• Chemical agents (Directive 98/24/EC): relevant where cleaning chemicals, process chemicals, or extraction solvents are used.

Regulation (EC) No 765/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 July 2008 setting out the requirements for accreditation and market surveillance relating to the marketing of products, OJ L 218, 13.8.2008, p. 30. EUR-Lex

Relevance to algae: This Regulation establishes the EU accreditation framework, under which national accreditation bodies (one per member state) accredit conformity assessment bodies (testing laboratories, notified bodies for CE marking) used to certify equipment. For algae producers purchasing equipment requiring third-party conformity assessment (higher-risk pressure equipment, certain ATEX equipment), ensuring that the conformity assessment body used by the supplier is properly accredited is part of due diligence.

• Request CE declarations of conformity for all equipment purchased for the facility, and verify they reference the correct Directive/Regulation and harmonised standards.
• Conduct an ATEX zone classification for spray-drying operations and any extraction areas where flammable solvents are used, and specify ATEX-compliant equipment accordingly.
• Commission a biological agent risk assessment that specifically addresses cyanotoxin risk if cultivating cyanobacteria (Spirulina/Limnospira) at scale; implement appropriate RPE and hygiene controls.
• Document worker health and safety management in line with Directive 89/391/EEC; this is not only a legal obligation but a condition for most quality certifications and supply chain audits.
• Track the Machinery Regulation (2023/1230) transition — it will replace the Machinery Directive from January 2027, with updated requirements particularly for control systems, collaborative robots and digital-twin-linked machinery.

See also: Production, Processing and Hygiene — General | Agriculture and Land-based Cultivation | Spatial Planning, Permits and Water Use

Last reviewed: June 2026.